How to Fill out a Genealogy Pedigree Chart

The two most basic forms used by genealogists to record ancestral information are the pedigree chart and the family group sheet. They help you keep track of what you find on your family in a standard, easy-to-read format — recognized by genealogists around the world. Even if you use your computer to enter information, almost all genealogy software programs will print out or display the information in these standard formats. Pedigree Chart The chart most people begin with is a pedigree chart. This chart begins with you and branches back in time, displaying the line of your direct ancestors. Most pedigree charts cover four generations, including space to include names plus dates and places of birth, marriage, and death for each individual. Larger pedigree charts, sometimes referred to as ancestral charts, are also available with room for more generations, but these are used less often as they generally are larger than the standard 8 1/2 x 11 format. The standard pedigree chart always begins with you, or the individual whose ancestry you are tracing, on the first line — number 1 on the chart. Information on your father (or ancestor #1s father) is entered as number 2 on the chart, while your mother is number 3. The male line follows the upper track, while the female line follows the bottom track. As in an ahnentafel chart, men are assigned even numbers, and the numbers for women are odd. After youve traced your family tree back more than 4 generations, you will need to create additional pedigree charts for each of the individuals included in the fourth generation on your first chart. Each individual will become ancestor #1 on a new chart, with a reference to their number on the original chart so you can easily follow the family through the generations. Each new chart you create will also be given its own individual number (chart #2, chart #3, etc.). For example, your fathers fathers father will be ancestor #8 on the original chart. As you follow his particular family line further back in history, you will need to create a new chart (chart #2), listing him in the #1 position. To make it easy to follow the family from chart to chart you record the numbers of the continuation charts next to each individual in the fourth generation on your original chart. On each new chart, you will also include a note referring back to the original chart (Person #1 on this chart is the same as Person #___ on Chart #___). Family Group Sheet The other commonly used form encountered in genealogy is the  family group sheet. Focusing on the family unit, rather than ancestors, the family group sheet includes space for a couple and their children, along with fields to record birth, death, marriage and  burial places  for each. Many family group sheets also include a line to record the name of each childs spouse, as well as a section for comments and source citations. Family Group sheets are an important genealogy tool because they allow room to include information on the children of your ancestors, along with their spouses. These collateral lines often prove important when tracing your  family tree, providing another source of information on your ancestors. When you have difficulty locating a birth record for your own ancestor, for example, you may be able to learn the names of his parents through the birth record of his brother. Family group sheets and pedigree charts work hand in hand. For each marriage included on your Pedigree Chart, you will also complete a Family Group Sheet. The pedigree chart provides an easy at-a-glance look at your family tree, while the family group sheet provides additional details on each generation.

Cost Containment in Nursing - 1523 Words

Introduction The cost of health care in Trinidad and Tobago in steadily increasing according to the Budget Highlights 2011/2012, $4.7 billion dollars is to be projected for Health Care. As a Registered Nurse working in the health care institutions of Trinidad and Tobago, as discussed in Ellis and Hartley 2010, you are expected to understand the issues surrounding cost and become an active participant in managing health care resources. This health care resource comprises buildings, equipment, supplies, personnel and time as expressed by Ellis and Hartley, (2010). All members of the health care team must become active champions of cost containment and conscious consumers of resources in order to maximize their usage. (Ellis, 2010) As a†¦show more content†¦This work group according to Brady, Cornett and DeLetter (1998), must develop several initial cost-reduction strategies including: (a) increasing employees cost awareness through education, (b) identifying and eliminating c ostly habits, (c) making the most cost-effective decisions possible, (d) recycling, and (e) reducing unnecessary inventory. Recognizing that an enormous impact could be made by decreasing supplies, procedures for obtaining equipment and supplies were carefully examined. As discussed in Brady, Cornett and DeLetter (1998), a number of changes were implemented in the day-to-day methods for obtaining and stocking supplies so that excessive stock on units was reduced. In a pilot project, all items that could either be reduced in number or eliminated from unit storage areas were identified. In particular, expensive equipment not used for emergencies was removed. The costs of commonly used items were displayed and nurses were encouraged to make cost-effective choices of the equipment they used. Examples of these efforts included: Implementing the FIFO concept First in First Out, what was found was that supplies were ordered and stocked and nurses when taking supplies for patient care just took from any shelf or box that was near, what was proposed was that the shelves in the store room be organized by expiry dat es so as to avoid wastage and over stocking, supplies were labeled and packed according to expiry dates and the nursesShow MoreRelatedCost Containment : A Way For Us Health Care Delivery System1503 Words   |  7 PagesCost containment is a way for the U.S health care delivery system to solve inflation in cost which will save money for the hospitals involved. 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Marketing Principles for Price and Promotion - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Principles for Price, Place and Promotion. Answer: Marketing mix for tiger beer Any product that is introduced in the market such the tiger beer needs a proper strategy that will help it penetrate the market. Even products already selling need to maintain the customers as well as keep expanding the market share, for this reason, a proper marketing mix need to be put in place. According to Broden, it is the ingredients that when combined capture and promote a brand or a products unique selling points, those that differentiate it from the competitors (Blythe, 2009). The mix comprises of Product, Price, Place, and promotion. These aspects are explained well in the following section using Tiger beer as the reference product. Product It is the good or the service that is fulfilling a specific want of the consumer. In this case, tiger beer is the product that is quenching the thirst of its consumers. Tiger beer must have a unique taste which is different from other beer. This constitutes its brand. It is the unique feature of the product different from the competitors brand. For example, the foam that appears on pouring the beer in a glass can have a unique scent which is attractive and customers can relate the beer with the scent. It should also be properly labeled and packaged such that a customer can be able to recognize it amidst many other products of the same kind. The aim is to help its consumers to easily note it. The beer can have for example a certain shape of the bottle carrying it or a striking color of the label. Place Refers to where the customers will find the beer when they need to purchase it. It involves the proper distribution channels the will ensure any time the customer need the beer they can access it and at the same time avoid flooding the market (Dominici, 2009). The company can establish depots throughout the country which will act as its warehouses to avail the product to both the wholesalers and retailers when they need it. The company can as well be receiving direct orders from the customers and thus make doorstep delivery. In addition, the company can employ distributors who will be going in the fields to directly deliver the beer in bars and potential customers. Price The value of the product to the customer is considered in monetary terms. The company should set a price that is proportional to the value that the customer will gain from the product and at the same time allow continuity and sustainability of the product in the market. Factors such as the competitors pricing strategy and the discounts are considered (Kotler, 2000). Odd pricing strategy, for example, can be adopted where for example the price can be set at one unit less than that of the competitors. Promotion It refers to the methods through which the customers shall be reached. It is the means that can be used to create awareness, remind the customers a well as inform them (McLean, 2002). A good promotional mix ought to be used which will make tiger beer outstanding. For example, the company can print t-shirts that can be given to the bar attendants in addition to the print and electronic media promotions. Also, the beer can sponsor a football match and in the process awareness of the product is made while still engaging in corporate social responsibility. References Blythe, Jim (2009).Key Concepts in Marketing. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Ltd. Dominici, G (2009),"From Marketing Mix to E-Marketing Mix: A Literature Review,"International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 9, no. 4, pp 17-24 Kotler, P (2009)., Marketing Management, (Millennium Edition), Custom Edition for University of Pheonix, Prentice Hall, p. 9 McLean, R. (October 19, 2002). The 4 C's versus the 4 Ps of marketing. Custom Fit Online.Retrieved fromhttps://www.customfitonline.com/news/2012/10/19/4-cs-versus-the-4-ps-of-marketing/