How to Fill out a Genealogy Pedigree Chart

The two most basic forms used by genealogists to record ancestral information are the pedigree chart and the family group sheet. They help you keep track of what you find on your family in a standard, easy-to-read format — recognized by genealogists around the world. Even if you use your computer to enter information, almost all genealogy software programs will print out or display the information in these standard formats. Pedigree Chart The chart most people begin with is a pedigree chart. This chart begins with you and branches back in time, displaying the line of your direct ancestors. Most pedigree charts cover four generations, including space to include names plus dates and places of birth, marriage, and death for each individual. Larger pedigree charts, sometimes referred to as ancestral charts, are also available with room for more generations, but these are used less often as they generally are larger than the standard 8 1/2 x 11 format. The standard pedigree chart always begins with you, or the individual whose ancestry you are tracing, on the first line — number 1 on the chart. Information on your father (or ancestor #1s father) is entered as number 2 on the chart, while your mother is number 3. The male line follows the upper track, while the female line follows the bottom track. As in an ahnentafel chart, men are assigned even numbers, and the numbers for women are odd. After youve traced your family tree back more than 4 generations, you will need to create additional pedigree charts for each of the individuals included in the fourth generation on your first chart. Each individual will become ancestor #1 on a new chart, with a reference to their number on the original chart so you can easily follow the family through the generations. Each new chart you create will also be given its own individual number (chart #2, chart #3, etc.). For example, your fathers fathers father will be ancestor #8 on the original chart. As you follow his particular family line further back in history, you will need to create a new chart (chart #2), listing him in the #1 position. To make it easy to follow the family from chart to chart you record the numbers of the continuation charts next to each individual in the fourth generation on your original chart. On each new chart, you will also include a note referring back to the original chart (Person #1 on this chart is the same as Person #___ on Chart #___). Family Group Sheet The other commonly used form encountered in genealogy is the  family group sheet. Focusing on the family unit, rather than ancestors, the family group sheet includes space for a couple and their children, along with fields to record birth, death, marriage and  burial places  for each. Many family group sheets also include a line to record the name of each childs spouse, as well as a section for comments and source citations. Family Group sheets are an important genealogy tool because they allow room to include information on the children of your ancestors, along with their spouses. These collateral lines often prove important when tracing your  family tree, providing another source of information on your ancestors. When you have difficulty locating a birth record for your own ancestor, for example, you may be able to learn the names of his parents through the birth record of his brother. Family group sheets and pedigree charts work hand in hand. For each marriage included on your Pedigree Chart, you will also complete a Family Group Sheet. The pedigree chart provides an easy at-a-glance look at your family tree, while the family group sheet provides additional details on each generation.

Cost Containment in Nursing - 1523 Words

Introduction The cost of health care in Trinidad and Tobago in steadily increasing according to the Budget Highlights 2011/2012, $4.7 billion dollars is to be projected for Health Care. As a Registered Nurse working in the health care institutions of Trinidad and Tobago, as discussed in Ellis and Hartley 2010, you are expected to understand the issues surrounding cost and become an active participant in managing health care resources. This health care resource comprises buildings, equipment, supplies, personnel and time as expressed by Ellis and Hartley, (2010). All members of the health care team must become active champions of cost containment and conscious consumers of resources in order to maximize their usage. (Ellis, 2010) As a†¦show more content†¦This work group according to Brady, Cornett and DeLetter (1998), must develop several initial cost-reduction strategies including: (a) increasing employees cost awareness through education, (b) identifying and eliminating c ostly habits, (c) making the most cost-effective decisions possible, (d) recycling, and (e) reducing unnecessary inventory. Recognizing that an enormous impact could be made by decreasing supplies, procedures for obtaining equipment and supplies were carefully examined. As discussed in Brady, Cornett and DeLetter (1998), a number of changes were implemented in the day-to-day methods for obtaining and stocking supplies so that excessive stock on units was reduced. In a pilot project, all items that could either be reduced in number or eliminated from unit storage areas were identified. In particular, expensive equipment not used for emergencies was removed. The costs of commonly used items were displayed and nurses were encouraged to make cost-effective choices of the equipment they used. Examples of these efforts included: Implementing the FIFO concept First in First Out, what was found was that supplies were ordered and stocked and nurses when taking supplies for patient care just took from any shelf or box that was near, what was proposed was that the shelves in the store room be organized by expiry dat es so as to avoid wastage and over stocking, supplies were labeled and packed according to expiry dates and the nursesShow MoreRelatedCost Containment : A Way For Us Health Care Delivery System1503 Words   |  7 PagesCost containment is a way for the U.S health care delivery system to solve inflation in cost which will save money for the hospitals involved. 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Marketing Principles for Price and Promotion - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Principles for Price, Place and Promotion. Answer: Marketing mix for tiger beer Any product that is introduced in the market such the tiger beer needs a proper strategy that will help it penetrate the market. Even products already selling need to maintain the customers as well as keep expanding the market share, for this reason, a proper marketing mix need to be put in place. According to Broden, it is the ingredients that when combined capture and promote a brand or a products unique selling points, those that differentiate it from the competitors (Blythe, 2009). The mix comprises of Product, Price, Place, and promotion. These aspects are explained well in the following section using Tiger beer as the reference product. Product It is the good or the service that is fulfilling a specific want of the consumer. In this case, tiger beer is the product that is quenching the thirst of its consumers. Tiger beer must have a unique taste which is different from other beer. This constitutes its brand. It is the unique feature of the product different from the competitors brand. For example, the foam that appears on pouring the beer in a glass can have a unique scent which is attractive and customers can relate the beer with the scent. It should also be properly labeled and packaged such that a customer can be able to recognize it amidst many other products of the same kind. The aim is to help its consumers to easily note it. The beer can have for example a certain shape of the bottle carrying it or a striking color of the label. Place Refers to where the customers will find the beer when they need to purchase it. It involves the proper distribution channels the will ensure any time the customer need the beer they can access it and at the same time avoid flooding the market (Dominici, 2009). The company can establish depots throughout the country which will act as its warehouses to avail the product to both the wholesalers and retailers when they need it. The company can as well be receiving direct orders from the customers and thus make doorstep delivery. In addition, the company can employ distributors who will be going in the fields to directly deliver the beer in bars and potential customers. Price The value of the product to the customer is considered in monetary terms. The company should set a price that is proportional to the value that the customer will gain from the product and at the same time allow continuity and sustainability of the product in the market. Factors such as the competitors pricing strategy and the discounts are considered (Kotler, 2000). Odd pricing strategy, for example, can be adopted where for example the price can be set at one unit less than that of the competitors. Promotion It refers to the methods through which the customers shall be reached. It is the means that can be used to create awareness, remind the customers a well as inform them (McLean, 2002). A good promotional mix ought to be used which will make tiger beer outstanding. For example, the company can print t-shirts that can be given to the bar attendants in addition to the print and electronic media promotions. Also, the beer can sponsor a football match and in the process awareness of the product is made while still engaging in corporate social responsibility. References Blythe, Jim (2009).Key Concepts in Marketing. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Ltd. Dominici, G (2009),"From Marketing Mix to E-Marketing Mix: A Literature Review,"International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 9, no. 4, pp 17-24 Kotler, P (2009)., Marketing Management, (Millennium Edition), Custom Edition for University of Pheonix, Prentice Hall, p. 9 McLean, R. (October 19, 2002). The 4 C's versus the 4 Ps of marketing. Custom Fit Online.Retrieved fromhttps://www.customfitonline.com/news/2012/10/19/4-cs-versus-the-4-ps-of-marketing/

Macbeth - Supernatural Forces In Macbeth Essays -

Macbeth - Supernatural Forces In Macbeth In the play Macbeth, there were many interesting sections which could be concentrated on due to the suspense and the involvement of the supernatural. The use of the supernatural in the witches, the visions, the ghost, and the apparitions is a key element in making the concept of the play work and in making the play interesting. Looking through each Act and Scene of the play, it is noticed that the supernatural is definitely a major factor on the play's style. The use of the supernatural occurs at the beginning of the play, with three witches predicting the fate of Macbeth. This gives the audience a clue to what the future holds for Macbeth. When the battles lost and won (Act I, Scene I, l.4) was said by the second witch. It says that every battle is lost by one side and won by another. Macbeth's fate is that he will win the battle, but will lose his time of victory for the battle of his soul. After the prophecies of the witches' revealed the fate of Macbeth, the plan in which to gain power of the throne is brought up. The only way to gain power of the throne was for Macbeth to work his way to the throne, or to murder King Duncan. Murdering the king was an easier plan since the motivation in his dreams urged him on. Lady Macbeth also relied on the supernatural by her soliloquy of calling upon the evil spirits to give her the power to plot the murder of Duncan without any remorse or conscience (Act I, Scene V, ll.42-57). The three sisters are capable of leading people into danger resulting in death, such as the sailor who never slept (Act I, Scene III, ll.1-37). Lady Macbeth has convinced her husband Macbeth to murder King Duncan. On the night they planned to kill Duncan, Macbeth is waiting for Lady Macbeth to ring the signal bell to go up the stairs to Duncan's chamber. He sees the vision of the floating dagger. The interest of the dagger is that it leads Macbeth towards the chamber by the presence of evil of the dagger being covered with blood. Then the bell rings and Macbeth stealthily proceeds up the staircase to Duncan's chamber. Once the murder has been committed, eventually Banquo has his suspicions about Macbeth killing Duncan to have power of the throne. There is constantly more guilt and fear inside Macbeth and his wife that they decide to have Banquo killed. Macbeth and his wife attend a banquet in which a ghost appears. Once the murderer notified Macbeth that the deed was done, he observed the ghost of Banquo sitting in his regular seat. This caused Macbeth to act in a wild manner, making people suspicious of his actions. (Act III, Scene VI, ll.31-120). The use of the supernatural has increased the suspense now that Macbeth is constantly relying on the prophecies of the three witches. Hecate, the Queen of witches is angry with the three sisters for not involving her in their encounters with Macbeth. The witches plan to lead Macbeth to his downfall by making him feel over-confident. (Act III, Scene V, ll.1-35). Further on in the play, Macbeth finds his way to the witches' cave and demands to know what lies ahead for him. The three witches predict what he is going to ask and produce the first apparition which is an armed head. Macbeth!, Macbeth!, Macbeth!, beware of Macduff; beware thane of Fife. Dismiss me: enough. (Act VI, Scene I, ll.77-78). The first apparition tells Macbeth to beware of Macduff. Then the second apparition appears (a bloody child), and says: Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth. (Act IV, Scene I, ll.85-87). This apparition informs Macbeth that no man born from a woman can harm him. finally, the last apparition appears and is a child crowned, with a tree in his hand. The apparition is saying that he will never be defeated until Great Birnam wood shall come against him to High Dunsinane Hill. Be lion melted, proud, and take no care who chafes, who frets, or where

Pollution Essays - Waste Management, Waste, Environmental Toxicology

Pollution Essays - Waste Management, Waste, Environmental Toxicology Pollution Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment. It is a major problem in America and as well as the world. Pollution not only damages the environment, but damages us also. It has cause many problems ranging from lung cancer to the greenhouse effect. It is all among us and but we continue to live in our own filth. What is the reason behind this flawed logic? In this paper I will examine the problems and solutions for this issue. Automobiles are undeniable the greatest source of pollution. The noise pollution created by cars is immense. Another polluting effect of cars is the heat it creates. This heat makes it unpleasant to be near the car while its running. And of course the most famous of the automobiles evils is the exhaust. The toxic fumes given off as a byproduct of the combustion engine are slowly deteriorating our lungs and our atmosphere. The exhaust is extremely toxic to human beings. But why do we do continue to drive these walking time bombs. Some people will say it is progress, but the majority drives it for the convenience. Why walk four miles in four hours when you can drive the same miles in four minutes? Another popular source of waste is the post-consumer market. American citizens throw away millions of tons of garbage each year, and this trash has to go somewhere. While there are projects underway to clean and reuse this refuse most of it gets dumped into huge landfills. These landfills are disgusting festering blisters on our country's landscape. But people continue to consume and throw away more and more in the name of convenience. As they see it, when things get old, throw it away and get a new one. They blame the government for the trash problem, but the truth blame should be placed on themselves. The last great source of pollution lays in the businesses. Although not common, businesses have been known to dump their waste products into streams, lakes, and rivers. This may seem like a relatively small occurrence that really is not your concern, but you're wrong. Each time one of these companies pollutes there are horrible consequences to pay. Mutations, destroyed ecosystems, and human death have all occurred as a direct result of illegal dumping. It contaminates our drinking water and soil. It causes entire communities of humans (not to mention animals) to move on to new places not to return for at least a century. The pollutants dumped by industry are so concentrated that a single barrel can destroy an entire lake's ecosystem. Not only do companies dump chemicals, but also hot water. This hot water kills most life it comes into contact with, but also causes an overgrowth of algae that covers the surface of the lake, or pond, and blocks the light from reaching the bottom. This means the plant life cannot grow, which mean the small bacteria and other microorganisms can't grow which means fish can't feed which means the ecosystem dies. Pollution like any other problem can be solved, but this is a long process. Individuals can do their part to save the environment as well as themselves. Instead of driving, carpool, take the bus or any other method of mass transit. This will cut down on pollution made by cars each year, not to mention your gas bill. When it comes to the trash problem, take the time to sort your trash and place it in the appropriate recycling bins. By recycling we reduce the amount of waste piled onto the landfills. As for consumption, pay attention to how the products you buy are manufactured and how they are packaged. Avoid those products made in 'unfriendly' ways towards our mother earth. If a product encourages the destruction of land, or is of completely no use don't buy it. And finally voice your opinion in the polls. If each individual did their part, we will be creating a better world for ourselves as well as our children. July 27, 1998 English 1A

Importance of Knowledge of Culture to Business Managers Essay

Importance of Knowledge of Culture to Business Managers - Essay Example The knowledge of the differences in the cultural dynamics is important to the business managers as it helps in the interaction process among the business organizations. For one to understand the impact that cultural differences have on the business organizations, it is important to understand what the concept of culture entails. Culture can be said to consist of the patterned thinking processes and ways in which different human groups acquire and transmit symbols. It also involves the ways in which the different groups react, and their values and ideas. Culture is also said to be a subjective perception of the environment in which one is living. This environment includes the social stimuli, roles, beliefs, and the value system that is shared by the members of the group. Language and religion are said to play a great role in culture. It is important to note therefore that any given organization exists within a given culture and are therefore influenced by the cultures in which they ex ist (Simms 18). The elimination of trade barriers and the increasing ease of penetration of national boundaries have led to the increase in the need to transfer knowledge and skills between the subsidiaries of the various multinational organizations. This means that the work places in these organizations have become multinational and in the process created a new challenge for the business managers in the management of the workplace as they have to ensure that the new employees who are from different nationality and cultural background have been able to transfer the skills and knowledge that they possess. The knowledge of the differences in culture by the business managers is important as it will help in the facilitation of knowledge transfer. Knowledge transfer involves the attempt by a given entity to copy and apply a specific knowledge or practice from another entity. Knowledge transfer involves ensuring that the efforts that are put in place are effective and that the new knowled ge that was being learnt or acquired from a different organization has been learnt to the extent that it becomes embodies to the practices of the organization. In the transfer of knowledge, the business managers are often faced with the challenge of cultural hindrances in the transfer process. There are some instances in which because of their cultural backgrounds, those involved in are unable to transfer the knowledge in such a way that it contributes to the desired outcome. This is because the knowledge to be passed is embedded in the individuals and therefore can only be transferred by interacting with the individual. The knowledge also has a social dimension to it in that it has been acquired through a process of socialization and as such can only be transferred through socialization. People of different cultures socialize in different ways and it is therefore important for a business manager to be aware how the particular culture interacts. This will help him in facilitating th e interactions necessary for the transfer of knowledge to take place (Pauleen 223). It is also important for the business managers to have knowledge on the difference between the individualistic and the collective cultures. This will help them in the process of ensuring knowledge transfer. It is important for a b

Communication In Multidisciplinary Health Teams Essay

Communication In Multidisciplinary Health Teams - Essay Example Their historic experience has made nursing and midwifery the unifying catalysts in health teams. Their sustaining nodal core has been their humane 'caring'. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates a shortage of more than 4 million doctors, nurses, midwives, worldwide (1600 medical schools; 6000 nursing schools; 375 public health schools). Inadequate remuneration adds to the loss of trained health-care personnel, to emigration (a recent analysis of nearly 400 emigr nurses in London found that as many as two thirds of them were recruited from Cameroon by agencies to work in Britain). An additional 2% of the nursing workforce is lost to retirement, each year. The existing local health resources, left, have to confront the growing burden of high-priority services required to meet the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)(2) established by WHO: To confront this world challenge with the existing shortage of nurses, the World Health Organisation has proposed the development of multidisciplinary teamwork at country level (3). This strategy multiplies existing health workforce in a synergy to surpass the sum of each individual. However, teamwork requires the leadership of nurses and midwifery to integrate and coordinate collaborative partnership, enhancing information exchange, as advanced technology creates medical specialisation and sub-specialisation. Shann DEFINITION Shannon-Weiner had described linear communication process as the flow of INFORMATION (message) between an INPUT (emissary), and an OUTPUT (receptor), through a modelling CHANNEL. Now-a-days, the INPUT runs the INFORMATION through the 'black box' (channel with an unknown inner mechanism, that gives an unpredictable OUTPUT), in system analogy. This exchange of a heterogeneous, concurrently running process distributes message transactions with unreliable execution. Non-linearity must be harnessed by clear inter-process workflow mechanisms to avoid entropy (the natural tendency towards disorganization and chaos). To better understand communication in multidisciplinary teams, we must first delve into the deeper meaning implied in each of these words, for a comprehensive analysis: "Teams" differs from "groups", because they unite people in a common purpose; whereas "groups" are encounter, meeting spaces where feelings, experience or ideas are shared and exchanged, without a fixed agenda. The original word, "team" comes from the Greek, meaning two horses or oxen, together, driving a plough. Multidisciplinary is a term coined recently to describe the multiple specialities (functional disciplines) that interact in a common job. Unlike interdisciplinary, which describes the interaction within the team, multidisciplinary teams work together towards a common objective. Multidisciplinary is external networking; interdisciplinary is internal interaction. Communication which comes from the latin "comunicare" stems for 'common'. It is interactive information that binds a "common" network. If, however, it is broken down into the prefix: cum- with and munio/munire- defense, historic origins from the need for defense to make for survival. Information has become the bonding link that fortifies a common front of understanding and protects against